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Monday, September 28, 2009
Thursday, September 24, 2009
Media Effects Research Table of Contents
Preface xv
A Scientific Approach to the Study of Media 1 (19)
Effects
Ways of Knowing 2 (2)
Experience 2 (1)
Authority 3 (1)
Science 4 (1)
Goals of Science 4 (4)
Prediction 4 (1)
Explanation 5 (1)
Understanding 6 (1)
Control 6 (2)
How are the Goals of Science Achieved? 8 (9)
Theory 8 (2)
Falsifiability 10 (1)
The Nature of Science 11 (1)
Science Is General 12 (2)
Science Acknowledges the Existence of 14 (1)
Objective Truth
Science Assumes a Skeptical Attitude 15 (1)
Science Can't Answer Certain Kinds of 16 (1)
Questions
Summary 17 (1)
Key Terms and Concepts 18 (1)
Notes 18 (2)
Scientific Methods in Media Effects Research 20 (24)
Analyzing Media Content 20 (5)
What Is Content Analysis? 21 (1)
An Example: The Content of Popular Music 22 (1)
The Sample 22 (1)
Units of Analysis 23 (1)
Categories 23 (1)
Coding Agreement 23 (1)
Statistical Analysis 24 (1)
Interpretation of Findings 24 (1)
The Sample Survey 25 (4)
An Example: Does Watching a Traumatic
Event on TV Cause
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder? 26 (1)
The Sample 27 (1)
The Questionnaire 27 (1)
Descriptive Findings 27 (1)
Statistical Relationships 27 (1)
Interpretation of the Findings 28 (1)
Types of Surveys 28 (1)
The Search for Causal Relationships 29 (6)
Criteria for Causal Relationships 29 (1)
Correlation Coefficients 30 (1)
Interpreting Correlation Coefficients 30 (5)
The Experimental Method 35 (4)
Manipulation of a Key Variable 35 (1)
Random Assignment to Experimental 35 (1)
Conditions
Identical Treatment Except for the 36 (1)
Manipulation
Control Groups 36 (1)
Different Experimental Designs 37 (1)
An Example: The Effects of Mood on 38 (1)
Music Listening Choice
Participants 38 (1)
Independent Variable 39 (1)
Dependent Variable 39 (1)
Experimental Results 39 (1)
Interpretation of Results 39 (1)
Controversy About Research Methods 39 (1)
Other Methodological Approaches 40 (1)
Summary 41 (1)
Key Terms and Concepts 42 (1)
Notes 42 (2)
A Brief History of Media Effects Research 44 (18)
Setting the Stage 45 (1)
1898---Congress Declares War on Spain 45 (1)
1917---Propaganda in World War I 46 (1)
The 1920s---Movies Explode as 46 (1)
Mainstream Entertainment
1929-1932---The Payne Fund Studies 46 (4)
What Was the Content of Movies? 47 (1)
The Emotional Impact of Movies 47 (1)
Does Watching Movies Affect Behavior? 48 (1)
The Aftermath of the Payne Fund Studies 49 (1)
The Invasion From Mars 50 (1)
The Research at Princeton 50 (1)
Early Theory of Media Effects: The Magic 51 (1)
Bullet Model
The People's Choice Study: The 52 (5)
Limited-Effects Model
Why Use Control Groups? 52 (1)
Media Impact in the 1940 Campaign 53 (1)
Experiments on World War II Movies 53 (2)
The Limited-Effects Perspective 55 (2)
The Evils of Comic Books 57 (1)
The Dawn of Television 57 (1)
Many Types of Media Effects 58 (1)
Micro-Level or Macro-Level Effects 58 (1)
Content-Specific or Diffuse-General 59 (1)
Effects
Attitudinal Versus Behavioral Versus 59 (1)
Cognitive Changes
Alteration Versus Stabilization 59 (1)
Summary 59 (1)
Key Terms and Concepts 60 (1)
Notes 60 (2)
Time Spent with Mass Media: Reasons and 62 (18)
Consequences
The Uses and Gratifications Perspective 63 (5)
Why Do Children Watch TV? 63 (1)
Learning 63 (1)
Habit 64 (1)
Companionship 65 (1)
Arousal 66 (1)
Relaxation 66 (1)
Escape 66 (1)
Passing Time 67 (1)
Uses and Gratifications Among Older 67 (1)
Viewers
The Problem With Self-reports 68 (1)
Time Spent With Media 69 (7)
The Displacement Hypothesis 70 (1)
Displacement of Important Activities 71 (2)
Television Viewing and Obesity 73 (3)
Summary 76 (1)
Key Terms and Concepts 76 (1)
Notes 77 (3)
Effects of Media Violence 80 (25)
The Presence of Violent Content 82 (3)
The Causal Link Between Viewing Violence 85 (7)
and Behaving Aggressively
The Research of Albert Bandura 85 (2)
The Long-Term Studies of Leonard Eron 87 (2)
and Rowell Huesmann
The Research of Brandon Centerwall 89 (1)
The Catharsis Hypothesis 89 (2)
A Priming Analysis of the Effect of 91 (1)
Media Violence
Desensitization to Violence 92 (1)
What About Video Games? Are They Training 93 (6)
Kids to Kill?
An Opinion on Video Games from an 94 (1)
Expert on ``Killology''
What Does the Research Say? 95 (4)
Why Do People Like Media Violence? 99 (2)
Where Does Research on Media Violence Go 101(1)
Now?
Concluding Comments 101(1)
Summary 102(1)
Key Terms and Concepts 102(1)
Notes 102(3)
Sexual Content in the Media 105(23)
Human Sexuality Brings out Passionate 105(2)
Opinion
Sorting Out Definitions and Terms 107(1)
The Commission on Obscenity and 108(1)
Pornography
Major Finding 108(1)
A Reexamination of the Commission's 109(2)
Findings
Research Following the Commission Report 111(4)
Content Available 112(1)
Perceptual Consequences of Viewing 112(1)
Behavioral Consequences of Viewing 113(2)
The Meese Commission Report on Pornography 115(2)
Major Conclusion 115(2)
Sex on Prime-Time TV 117(6)
The Dynamics of Excitation Transfer 118(1)
Content Analyses 119(1)
Sexual Behavior and Viewing 120(3)
Control Over Media Content 123(2)
Sex and the Internet 123(1)
Legal Control 123(1)
Social or Economic Control 124(1)
Control Through Education 124(1)
Summary 125(1)
Key Terms and Concepts 125(1)
Notes 125(3)
Media that Stir Emotions 128(22)
Fright Reactions to Media are Prevalent 129(1)
Developmental Theory: What Scares One 130(1)
Child May Not Scare Another
Experimenting With the Incredible Hulk 131(1)
Why Is the Paranormal So Scary? 132(5)
Poltergeist 135(1)
The Nightmare on Elm Street Series 135(1)
The Exorcist 136(1)
Why Do Some Media Fears Linger for So 137(1)
Long?: A Theory of Differential Brain
Processing
Theory About Emotional Coping: What's a 138(1)
Parent to Do?
Is It Fun to Be Scared? 139(3)
Frightening Films and Roller-Coaster 140(1)
Rides
The Sexual Dynamic in Viewing 141(1)
Frightening Films
Beyond Fear: Other Emotional Reactions to 142(4)
Media
Empathy: I Feel What You Feel 142(1)
Using Media to Manage Your Mood 142(3)
Does Mediated Emotion Disrupt and 145(1)
Confuse Our Emotional Well-Being?
Summary 146(1)
Key Terms and Concepts 147(1)
Notes 148(2)
Persuasive Effects of the Media 150(28)
What Is Persuasion? 150(1)
How Media Messages Persuade Without Even 151(7)
Trying
The Theory of Media Cultivation: 153(3)
Cultivating Attitudes is Attitude Change
Do Media Messages About the Paranormal 156(2)
Influence Paranormal Beliefs?
Intentional Persuasion in the Media 158(3)
Using Entertainment to Improve Public 158(1)
Health
The Great American Values Test 159(1)
How Does an Advertiser Determine 160(1)
Success?
Some Evidence for the Effectiveness of 160(1)
Advertising
Some Key Principles of Media Persuasion 161(7)
The Power of the Source 163(1)
Message Features: Simplicity and 164(1)
Repetition
More Message Features: Fear, Guilt, and 164(2)
Humor
The Health Campaign 166(2)
Subliminal Persuasion: The Magic Key? 168(5)
Early History 169(1)
The Presumed Mechanism 169(1)
Two Important Questions 170(1)
A Caveat: Research on Subliminal Priming 171(1)
The Third-Person Effect 172(1)
Summary 173(1)
Key Terms and Concepts 173(1)
Notes 174(4)
The Effects of News and Political Content 178(21)
Thinking About the News 178(10)
Need for Cognition 179(1)
Political Sophistication 180(1)
Agenda-Setting Theory: A Theory About 181(2)
Thinking
The Spiral of Silence 183(2)
How Much of the News Do We Remember? 185(3)
The Role of Emotion 188(4)
Another View of News: Do Certain News 192(3)
Reports Cause More People to Die?
Imitative Suicides and the News 193(2)
Summary 195(1)
Key Terms and Concepts 195(1)
Notes 196(3)
The Effects of Media Stereotypes 199(20)
Stereotypical Representations in the Media 199(11)
Sex Role Stereotypes 201(1)
Effects of Sex Role Stereotypes 202(2)
Media Images of Thin Bodies and Effects 204(3)
on Body Image
Racial Stereotypes 207(1)
Overrepresentation of African Americans 208(2)
as Lawbreakers
The Imbalance in Media Research on 210(2)
Stereotypes
An Intriguing and Under-Studied Media 212(4)
Depiction: Faces
Summary 216(1)
Key Terms and Concepts 216(1)
Notes 217(2)
The Impact of New Media Technologies 219(18)
The Revolution in New Media Technology 219(2)
Computers and the Internet: Connection or 221(13)
Alienation?
The Carnegie Mellon Study 222(2)
Applying the Lessons of History 224(4)
Thinking About New Technology 228(3)
Speculation About New Technology Effects 231(1)
Will Our Old Brains Catch Up to the New 232(1)
Technology?
Potential Medium Effects on Health 233(1)
Summary 234(1)
Key Terms and Concepts 234(1)
Notes 235(2)
Meet Marshall McLuhan: A Less Scientific 237(18)
Approach to Media Impact
Is There Any Value to Considering 237(1)
Marshall McLuhan?
Meet Marshall McLuhan 238(1)
The Eras of Communication History 239(3)
The Tribal Age 239(1)
Moving from the Tribal Age to the Print 240(1)
Age
Moving On to the Current Electronic Age 241(1)
The Medium is the Message 242(2)
The Effects of Electronic Media on Human 244(7)
Beings
Education in the Electronic Age 244(2)
War in the Electronic Age: Not So 246(3)
``Hot''
Politics in the Electronic Age: Was 249(1)
Bill Clinton ``Cooler'' Than George
Bush?
Did McLuhan's Perspective Predict a 249(1)
Winner Between Obama and McCain?
Drugs in the Electronic Age 250(1)
McLuhan's Influence 251(1)
Some Final Reflections 252(1)
Summary 252(1)
Key Terms and Concepts 252(1)
Notes 253(1)
Important Sources on Marshall McLuhan 253(2)
Appendix Theories and Theoretical Concepts 255(2)
Discussed in the Text (by Chapter)
Name Index 257(4)
Subject Index 261
http://bookweb.kinokuniya.co.jp/htmy/049556785X.html
A Scientific Approach to the Study of Media 1 (19)
Effects
Ways of Knowing 2 (2)
Experience 2 (1)
Authority 3 (1)
Science 4 (1)
Goals of Science 4 (4)
Prediction 4 (1)
Explanation 5 (1)
Understanding 6 (1)
Control 6 (2)
How are the Goals of Science Achieved? 8 (9)
Theory 8 (2)
Falsifiability 10 (1)
The Nature of Science 11 (1)
Science Is General 12 (2)
Science Acknowledges the Existence of 14 (1)
Objective Truth
Science Assumes a Skeptical Attitude 15 (1)
Science Can't Answer Certain Kinds of 16 (1)
Questions
Summary 17 (1)
Key Terms and Concepts 18 (1)
Notes 18 (2)
Scientific Methods in Media Effects Research 20 (24)
Analyzing Media Content 20 (5)
What Is Content Analysis? 21 (1)
An Example: The Content of Popular Music 22 (1)
The Sample 22 (1)
Units of Analysis 23 (1)
Categories 23 (1)
Coding Agreement 23 (1)
Statistical Analysis 24 (1)
Interpretation of Findings 24 (1)
The Sample Survey 25 (4)
An Example: Does Watching a Traumatic
Event on TV Cause
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder? 26 (1)
The Sample 27 (1)
The Questionnaire 27 (1)
Descriptive Findings 27 (1)
Statistical Relationships 27 (1)
Interpretation of the Findings 28 (1)
Types of Surveys 28 (1)
The Search for Causal Relationships 29 (6)
Criteria for Causal Relationships 29 (1)
Correlation Coefficients 30 (1)
Interpreting Correlation Coefficients 30 (5)
The Experimental Method 35 (4)
Manipulation of a Key Variable 35 (1)
Random Assignment to Experimental 35 (1)
Conditions
Identical Treatment Except for the 36 (1)
Manipulation
Control Groups 36 (1)
Different Experimental Designs 37 (1)
An Example: The Effects of Mood on 38 (1)
Music Listening Choice
Participants 38 (1)
Independent Variable 39 (1)
Dependent Variable 39 (1)
Experimental Results 39 (1)
Interpretation of Results 39 (1)
Controversy About Research Methods 39 (1)
Other Methodological Approaches 40 (1)
Summary 41 (1)
Key Terms and Concepts 42 (1)
Notes 42 (2)
A Brief History of Media Effects Research 44 (18)
Setting the Stage 45 (1)
1898---Congress Declares War on Spain 45 (1)
1917---Propaganda in World War I 46 (1)
The 1920s---Movies Explode as 46 (1)
Mainstream Entertainment
1929-1932---The Payne Fund Studies 46 (4)
What Was the Content of Movies? 47 (1)
The Emotional Impact of Movies 47 (1)
Does Watching Movies Affect Behavior? 48 (1)
The Aftermath of the Payne Fund Studies 49 (1)
The Invasion From Mars 50 (1)
The Research at Princeton 50 (1)
Early Theory of Media Effects: The Magic 51 (1)
Bullet Model
The People's Choice Study: The 52 (5)
Limited-Effects Model
Why Use Control Groups? 52 (1)
Media Impact in the 1940 Campaign 53 (1)
Experiments on World War II Movies 53 (2)
The Limited-Effects Perspective 55 (2)
The Evils of Comic Books 57 (1)
The Dawn of Television 57 (1)
Many Types of Media Effects 58 (1)
Micro-Level or Macro-Level Effects 58 (1)
Content-Specific or Diffuse-General 59 (1)
Effects
Attitudinal Versus Behavioral Versus 59 (1)
Cognitive Changes
Alteration Versus Stabilization 59 (1)
Summary 59 (1)
Key Terms and Concepts 60 (1)
Notes 60 (2)
Time Spent with Mass Media: Reasons and 62 (18)
Consequences
The Uses and Gratifications Perspective 63 (5)
Why Do Children Watch TV? 63 (1)
Learning 63 (1)
Habit 64 (1)
Companionship 65 (1)
Arousal 66 (1)
Relaxation 66 (1)
Escape 66 (1)
Passing Time 67 (1)
Uses and Gratifications Among Older 67 (1)
Viewers
The Problem With Self-reports 68 (1)
Time Spent With Media 69 (7)
The Displacement Hypothesis 70 (1)
Displacement of Important Activities 71 (2)
Television Viewing and Obesity 73 (3)
Summary 76 (1)
Key Terms and Concepts 76 (1)
Notes 77 (3)
Effects of Media Violence 80 (25)
The Presence of Violent Content 82 (3)
The Causal Link Between Viewing Violence 85 (7)
and Behaving Aggressively
The Research of Albert Bandura 85 (2)
The Long-Term Studies of Leonard Eron 87 (2)
and Rowell Huesmann
The Research of Brandon Centerwall 89 (1)
The Catharsis Hypothesis 89 (2)
A Priming Analysis of the Effect of 91 (1)
Media Violence
Desensitization to Violence 92 (1)
What About Video Games? Are They Training 93 (6)
Kids to Kill?
An Opinion on Video Games from an 94 (1)
Expert on ``Killology''
What Does the Research Say? 95 (4)
Why Do People Like Media Violence? 99 (2)
Where Does Research on Media Violence Go 101(1)
Now?
Concluding Comments 101(1)
Summary 102(1)
Key Terms and Concepts 102(1)
Notes 102(3)
Sexual Content in the Media 105(23)
Human Sexuality Brings out Passionate 105(2)
Opinion
Sorting Out Definitions and Terms 107(1)
The Commission on Obscenity and 108(1)
Pornography
Major Finding 108(1)
A Reexamination of the Commission's 109(2)
Findings
Research Following the Commission Report 111(4)
Content Available 112(1)
Perceptual Consequences of Viewing 112(1)
Behavioral Consequences of Viewing 113(2)
The Meese Commission Report on Pornography 115(2)
Major Conclusion 115(2)
Sex on Prime-Time TV 117(6)
The Dynamics of Excitation Transfer 118(1)
Content Analyses 119(1)
Sexual Behavior and Viewing 120(3)
Control Over Media Content 123(2)
Sex and the Internet 123(1)
Legal Control 123(1)
Social or Economic Control 124(1)
Control Through Education 124(1)
Summary 125(1)
Key Terms and Concepts 125(1)
Notes 125(3)
Media that Stir Emotions 128(22)
Fright Reactions to Media are Prevalent 129(1)
Developmental Theory: What Scares One 130(1)
Child May Not Scare Another
Experimenting With the Incredible Hulk 131(1)
Why Is the Paranormal So Scary? 132(5)
Poltergeist 135(1)
The Nightmare on Elm Street Series 135(1)
The Exorcist 136(1)
Why Do Some Media Fears Linger for So 137(1)
Long?: A Theory of Differential Brain
Processing
Theory About Emotional Coping: What's a 138(1)
Parent to Do?
Is It Fun to Be Scared? 139(3)
Frightening Films and Roller-Coaster 140(1)
Rides
The Sexual Dynamic in Viewing 141(1)
Frightening Films
Beyond Fear: Other Emotional Reactions to 142(4)
Media
Empathy: I Feel What You Feel 142(1)
Using Media to Manage Your Mood 142(3)
Does Mediated Emotion Disrupt and 145(1)
Confuse Our Emotional Well-Being?
Summary 146(1)
Key Terms and Concepts 147(1)
Notes 148(2)
Persuasive Effects of the Media 150(28)
What Is Persuasion? 150(1)
How Media Messages Persuade Without Even 151(7)
Trying
The Theory of Media Cultivation: 153(3)
Cultivating Attitudes is Attitude Change
Do Media Messages About the Paranormal 156(2)
Influence Paranormal Beliefs?
Intentional Persuasion in the Media 158(3)
Using Entertainment to Improve Public 158(1)
Health
The Great American Values Test 159(1)
How Does an Advertiser Determine 160(1)
Success?
Some Evidence for the Effectiveness of 160(1)
Advertising
Some Key Principles of Media Persuasion 161(7)
The Power of the Source 163(1)
Message Features: Simplicity and 164(1)
Repetition
More Message Features: Fear, Guilt, and 164(2)
Humor
The Health Campaign 166(2)
Subliminal Persuasion: The Magic Key? 168(5)
Early History 169(1)
The Presumed Mechanism 169(1)
Two Important Questions 170(1)
A Caveat: Research on Subliminal Priming 171(1)
The Third-Person Effect 172(1)
Summary 173(1)
Key Terms and Concepts 173(1)
Notes 174(4)
The Effects of News and Political Content 178(21)
Thinking About the News 178(10)
Need for Cognition 179(1)
Political Sophistication 180(1)
Agenda-Setting Theory: A Theory About 181(2)
Thinking
The Spiral of Silence 183(2)
How Much of the News Do We Remember? 185(3)
The Role of Emotion 188(4)
Another View of News: Do Certain News 192(3)
Reports Cause More People to Die?
Imitative Suicides and the News 193(2)
Summary 195(1)
Key Terms and Concepts 195(1)
Notes 196(3)
The Effects of Media Stereotypes 199(20)
Stereotypical Representations in the Media 199(11)
Sex Role Stereotypes 201(1)
Effects of Sex Role Stereotypes 202(2)
Media Images of Thin Bodies and Effects 204(3)
on Body Image
Racial Stereotypes 207(1)
Overrepresentation of African Americans 208(2)
as Lawbreakers
The Imbalance in Media Research on 210(2)
Stereotypes
An Intriguing and Under-Studied Media 212(4)
Depiction: Faces
Summary 216(1)
Key Terms and Concepts 216(1)
Notes 217(2)
The Impact of New Media Technologies 219(18)
The Revolution in New Media Technology 219(2)
Computers and the Internet: Connection or 221(13)
Alienation?
The Carnegie Mellon Study 222(2)
Applying the Lessons of History 224(4)
Thinking About New Technology 228(3)
Speculation About New Technology Effects 231(1)
Will Our Old Brains Catch Up to the New 232(1)
Technology?
Potential Medium Effects on Health 233(1)
Summary 234(1)
Key Terms and Concepts 234(1)
Notes 235(2)
Meet Marshall McLuhan: A Less Scientific 237(18)
Approach to Media Impact
Is There Any Value to Considering 237(1)
Marshall McLuhan?
Meet Marshall McLuhan 238(1)
The Eras of Communication History 239(3)
The Tribal Age 239(1)
Moving from the Tribal Age to the Print 240(1)
Age
Moving On to the Current Electronic Age 241(1)
The Medium is the Message 242(2)
The Effects of Electronic Media on Human 244(7)
Beings
Education in the Electronic Age 244(2)
War in the Electronic Age: Not So 246(3)
``Hot''
Politics in the Electronic Age: Was 249(1)
Bill Clinton ``Cooler'' Than George
Bush?
Did McLuhan's Perspective Predict a 249(1)
Winner Between Obama and McCain?
Drugs in the Electronic Age 250(1)
McLuhan's Influence 251(1)
Some Final Reflections 252(1)
Summary 252(1)
Key Terms and Concepts 252(1)
Notes 253(1)
Important Sources on Marshall McLuhan 253(2)
Appendix Theories and Theoretical Concepts 255(2)
Discussed in the Text (by Chapter)
Name Index 257(4)
Subject Index 261
http://bookweb.kinokuniya.co.jp/htmy/049556785X.html
Tuesday, September 15, 2009
A great performance of the production team
What impressed me most in this year's VMA was not all the embarrassments and gossips entailed from an outburst of distasteful misbehavior of an individual, but it was the great coordination of production staff displayed throughout the show. In particular, this sequence of live outdoor performance showed a good execution of such coordination between different parts of production team.
http://www.mtv.com/videos/misc/435681/taylor-swift-you-belong-with-me-live.jhtml#id=1620604
Tuesday, September 01, 2009
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